Establishment and study of signs characterizing the condition of building structures of buildings and structures to determine possible deviations and prevent violations of the normal mode of their operation. Source: SP 13 102 2003: Rules... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
DIAGNOSTICS- (by this, see previous word). In general, determining the distinctive features of objects; in particular, the part of medicine that deals with determining the type and symptoms of diseases. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910.… … Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
diagnostics- testing, checking, trial, recognition, test, sample Dictionary of Russian synonyms. diagnostics noun, number of synonyms: 42 auto diagnostics (1) ... Synonym dictionary
diagnostics- Procedures and systems that detect and isolate errors and malfunctioning devices, networks and systems. diagnostics (ITIL Service Operation) Stage of the life cycle of an incident or problem.... ... Technical Translator's Guide
Diagnostics- - establishment and study of signs characterizing the condition of building structures of buildings and structures to determine possible deviations and prevent violations of the normal mode of their operation. [SP 13 102 2003] Diagnostics... ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials
Diagnostics- the science of recognizing diseases and making a diagnosis. Dictionary of business terms. Akademik.ru. 2001 ... Dictionary of business terms
DIAGNOSTICS- (from the Greek diagnostikos, capable of recognizing) the doctrine of methods and principles of recognizing diseases and making a diagnosis; diagnosis process... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
DIAGNOSTICS- DIAGNOSTICS, diagnostics, women. (honey.). Branch of medicine, the study of diagnostic methods. Dictionary Ushakova. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
DIAGNOSTICS- DIAGNOSTICS, and, women. 1. see diagnose. 2. The doctrine of methods of diagnosis. 3. Establishing a diagnosis. Laboratory d. Early d. diseases. | adj. diagnostic, oh, oh. D. analysis. Diagnostic service. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
DIAGNOSTICS- female, Greek discernment, discernment; determination of characteristics and mutual differences of works of nature; knowledge will accept: recognition of diseases by seizures and phenomena. Diagnostic, related to diagnosis, recognition. Male diagnostician... ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
Diagnostics- 1) the doctrine of methods and principles of recognizing diseases and making a diagnosis; diagnosis process; 2) establishing and studying the characteristics of any objects or complex systems to characterize their state, predict possible... ... Dictionary of emergency situations
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Periodically, the car requires engine diagnostics. What is included and the cost, the masters tell you before it is carried out. Many workshops have a machine that can print test results.
Purpose of the service
Engine diagnostics are required once a year. What is included and the cost interests every driver. But not everyone understands that the service only implies a statement of the actual condition of the car without performing any kind of work. Deviations of parameters from nominal values are provided to the customer in printed form.
Engine diagnostics ends with recommendations. What is included in the cost of future repairs is determined at the request of the customer. Often, technicians will advise you on how to fix the problem. Although this is not included in the price of the service. They are obliged to find defects and make a conclusion about the condition of the mechanisms in writing.
In the auto repair shop market, engine diagnostics are not always the same. What is included and the cost depends on the material support and equipment capabilities. For example, to measure the parameters of classic and modern cars, you will need a different set of tools. If in the first case a person will do everything, then in the second a laptop or special electronics will do half the work for a person.
Test as troubleshooting
Car engine diagnostics will help prevent many problems that can lead to costly repairs in the future. Thus, wear of the liners or lack of compression increases the likelihood of failure of the piston system. At a cost per test of 1 thousand rubles. significant and can exceed 50 thousand rubles. The savings are obvious if you visit the workshop periodically.
Diagnosing a car engine also involves searching for unreliable components. With a high probability, the technicians are able to point out spare parts that require replacement. The driver himself makes the decision about the urgency of the repair. Some problems can be fixed as time and resources become available. If there is a threat of an emergency, the diagnostician will definitely recommend urgently seeking technical assistance.
In a high-quality service, the driver is offered a printout before computer diagnostics, which indicates step-by-step execution of the tests. But not everyone can afford the cost in such workshops. More often, the customer receives a printout and a written essay on the inspection of his car. Consultants answer any questions you may have.
Not everyone knows that it is not necessary to leave your car at the entrance to the technical room. Drivers are required to be allowed in upon request after a brief briefing. This way they can control the work of the craftsmen, but without interfering with endless questions.
Which place to take the test?
Where to do engine diagnostics is decided by each driver, based on considerations of economy and quality of service. The first criterion can be found out on the Internet or by telephone. The second one is not so easy to determine in advance. You will have to make inquiries about the workshop, visit it and look at the attitude towards clients.
Negative reviews are often left by people who do not fully understand the purpose of computer diagnostics. You can often come across words like: “They didn’t do anything, they gave me some kind of printout and that’s it!” After all, the service was provided, and this does not indicate insufficient qualifications of the craftsmen. Each negative comment should be read and understood to understand the essence of the problem.
Why so expensive?
Diagnostics gasoline engines- This is a complex procedure that requires extensive experience in car repair. In fact, the technician is paid and his ability to detect faults by sound, appearance and digital test indicators. The printout alone is comparable to hospital test results. The numbers speak volumes, but we need a complete picture of the disease.
Likewise, diagnosis is a complex and lengthy process. A complete engine inspection cannot be completed in a few minutes. In addition to connecting the computer, you need to, so to speak, test the nodes with your hands.
There is no charge for just printing. Drivers should understand that the person with the computer is not a car repair technician. Although offers of this kind often appear on the diagnostic market.
Electrical parameters
A complete diagnosis consists of individual operations. The main procedure is to scan the car's sensors through standard connectors. Many craftsmen can do this on their own; three tools are required: an appropriate USB adapter connector, a program (you can download it on the Internet), and a laptop. The cost in the salon fluctuates around the figure of 500 rubles. Errors and history of manipulations with the memory of the electronic system are determined.
Parameters are measured with a special device exhaust gases. The cost ranges from 300 rubles. An ignition tester costs 500 rubles. Measuring the ignition timing - 300 rubles.
An external inspection determines the condition of the spark plugs, coils, and wires. The reliability of the connection between the engine and the vehicle ground is checked. The condition of the battery is diagnosed.
Mechanics
Individual engine components must be checked by hand. These include: belt tension (100 rubles), condition and level of liquids (100 rubles), assessment of noise during operation. Each cylinder is examined with an endoscope for 600 rubles. Pressure is measured pneumatic system for 400 rub.
The total price for a set of services is significantly lower due to market competition. As the cost of a service decreases, its quality or the number of individual diagnostic stages deteriorates. For 4 thousand rubles. Not every driver is ready to inspect a car without repairing identified faults.
The amount for diagnostics is justified due to the speed of the service, a positive attitude towards the client, additional options. In reality, in the amount of 1 thousand rubles. often only a computer scan of sensors, a visual inspection, and checking the ignition system and exhaust gases with an analyzer are included.
Technical awareness is like a traveler's compass. This is the same Glonass, GPS. Without knowing the basics of the subject, you won’t move a single step. How and where to go? These are the questions that have to be resolved almost constantly. Any car requires knowledge and experience. Not everyone has the desire to use them. It's all about opportunity. The critical situation, however, does not have mercy on anyone. The road is the road. It may happen that there is nothing to hope for. You'll have to take hold of your head and hands. It’s a good idea to arm them with something. In advance!
Introduction to the topic
Car diagnostics is not an easy process. Affordable, but requires preparation. In addition to desire and opportunity, and even an inclination towards technology, a certain theoretical and practical support is required. Namely:
- knowledge of the motor system (components, functions, common causes of failures, minor repairs);
- concept of electrical equipment (equipment, purpose of each device, troubleshooting simple faults);
- ability to work with a computer, programs, databases;
- an idea of diagnostic equipment that partially replaces a computer in its absence (test probes, multimeters, oscilloscopes, scanners);
- knowledge of the specifics of internal combustion engines various cars domestic and foreign production ( comparative characteristics, selection of special equipment).
In addition, experience is needed. From primitive soldering of contacts in wiring to feeling and understanding the engine in all its subtleties. At every moment of work. Over time, intuition appears. It contains the philosophy of an intelligent person. His exposed nerve and salvation. All this is the basics of diagnosis. Without mastering them, it’s not worth getting down to business. You can't!
The essence of the subject
Translated from Greek, this word means to recognize, to be capable of deep vision.
Medicine interprets it as an analysis that reveals the essence of the disease.
Technical diagnostics doing the same thing. Not with a person, but with a machine.
A car in this case.
The principles of the approach to the procedure are the same for all equipment, be it a carburetor, an injector or a diesel engine.
What is included in the concept of “diagnosis”:
- Information about the condition of the propulsion system (ICE) and the vehicle as a whole.
- Troubleshooting methods.
ICE state parameters:
- engine power (l/s, W);
- rpm crankshaft(in a minute);
- ignition (advance ratio);
- the position of the carburetor flap in accordance with the speed (for diesel engines and injectors, the state of the fuel pump);
- detonation on each cylinder (synchronization with the spark on the candles);
- temperature (intake air fuel system, coolant in the cylinder block);
- oil pressure (in the block and at the on-board controller sensor);
- identification of errors in the electronic control unit (ECU) and their correction;
- online exchange mode (receipt via the Internet additional information and capabilities from other diagnostic programs);
- graphic display of parameters on a computer monitor;
- voltage in the electronics network (V);
- battery charge:
- operability of the main electromechanical components: starter, generator, automatic transmission, interior heater fans and engine cooling radiator (for diesel engines and injectors - electric drives of fuel pumps);
- ABS, ACC, Traction Control, 4WS systems, etc. etc.
Each of the parameters is constantly compared with the standard set by the car manufacturer. Any deviation is recorded and eliminated automatically using a specific diagnostic program. In problematic cases, mechanical intervention is possible. That is, repairs.
Troubleshooting methods. Basically two are used:
- Visual – something that can be found out “by eye”:
- mechanical damage or wear of electrical wiring and pipelines of cooling systems, exhaust, hydraulic brakes and steering (for injection and diesel engines- fuel supply pipes from the pump to the spark plugs);
— oxidation of battery contacts, starter, fuses, relays, etc.;
— “looseness” of individual functional components of the internal combustion engine and suspension (mountings of the generator, starter, as well as play in the steering rack and wheel struts);
— condition of air, fuel and oil filters. - Instrumental. Intended use:
— the simplest instruments (test probe, multimeter);
— electronic computing devices (motor tester, scanner, computer).
Computer diagnostics
The most effective methods are those using sophisticated computer technology.
What does this method provide? First of all, it allows you to control the entire internal combustion engine. The diagnostic accuracy is exceptional. Errors that may arise as a result are automatically eliminated using special programs.
Types of work:
- stationary – with the device connected directly to the car’s ECU (PC, scanner);
- remote – via Bluetooth or Wi-Fi (tablet, smartphone).
Computer data processing is carried out by introducing “software” (programs) into the processor of the device, focused on:
- comprehensive diagnostics (engine, suspension and steering systems, brakes);
How to do it? Drivers usually use the services of a car service center. This is not the only option. With some preparation, it is possible to diagnose a car yourself.
Description of the procedure:
- complete set of basic equipment:
- computer;
— “K-Line” adapter with a cable on Olb2 and Usb connectors (for a fixed connection) or Elm327 adapter with Bluetooth (remote testing);
— diagnostic programs and drivers; - installation of the necessary “software” and “chip” (driver) on the computer platform;
- “firmware” (adaptation) of the ECU (provides communication between the controller and the computer and transfers to it all available vehicle parameters.
State Definition the necessary systems is carried out by gradually scanning each node. Defects that cannot be eliminated by the intervention of electronic correctors are eliminated during minor, medium or major repairs.
Conclusion
Nothing is impossible in the world. The term " computer diagnostics" scares off a lot of people. Mostly newbies. But this is at first. Everything in life happens for the first time. This happens to cars all the time. And he is the life of the driver. His destiny. Mastering the basics of understanding your technique is the best insurance against trouble. Go for it. The one who walks will master the road!
Andrey Goncharov, Expert in the “Engine Repair” section
Significant costs for maintaining equipment are primarily due to the low quality of its maintenance and premature repairs. To reduce labor costs and funds for maintenance and repair, it is necessary to increase productivity and improve the quality of these works by increasing the reliability and serviceability (maintainability) of manufactured units, development and better use of the production and technical base of enterprises, mechanization and automation technological processes, introduction of diagnostic tools and elements of scientific organization of work.
Under reliability understand the property components machines to perform specified functions, maintaining over time the values of established operational values within specified limits corresponding to specified modes and conditions of use, Maintenance, repairs, storage and transportation.
Reliability during operation depends on a number of factors: the nature and volume of work performed by the machine; natural and climatic conditions; adopted system of technical maintenance and repair of equipment; quality and availability of regulatory and technical documentation and means of maintenance, storage and transportation of machines; qualifications of service personnel.
Reliability is a complex property that includes, depending on the purpose of the object or its operating conditions, a number of simple properties:
1. Reliability - the property of an object to continuously maintain operability for some operating time or for some time.
2. Durability - the property of an object to maintain operability until the limit state occurs when installed system maintenance and repairs.
3. Maintainability - a property of an object, which consists in its adaptability to preventing and detecting the causes of failures, maintaining and restoring operability through repairs and maintenance.
4. Storability - the property of an object to continuously maintain the required performance indicators during (and after) storage and transportation.
Depending on the object, reliability can be determined by all of the listed properties or some of them. For example, the reliability of a gear wheel and bearings is determined by their durability, and the reliability of a machine is determined by durability, reliability and maintainability
A car is a complex system consisting of thousands of parts with varying manufacturing and operational tolerances. Work is carried out under different conditions, so the service life of objects of the same type is different - depending on operating conditions, operating modes and the quality of the elements. Therefore, each unit must be sent for repairs according to its actual condition.
During an individual examination (monitoring, diagnosing, forecasting), the True technical condition of each unit is established. Here the influence of the whole variety of working conditions, operator qualifications and other factors on which the technical condition of the object depends can be taken into account.
The lack of special monitoring and diagnostic equipment makes it difficult to detect many faults. Old (mostly subjective) methods can only identify significant and obvious failures and deviations. The cost of checking major systems using these methods is approximately 70-75% higher than using modern diagnostic methods.
Method technical diagnostics - a set of technological and organizational rules for performing technical diagnostic operations.
Diagnostics (from the Greek diagnostikós - able to recognize) is a branch of knowledge that studies the technical condition of diagnostic objects (machines, mechanisms, equipment, structures and other technical objects) and the manifestation of technical conditions, developing methods for their determination, with the help of which a conclusion is given (a diagnosis is made) , as well as principles of construction and organization of use of diagnostic systems. When the objects of diagnosis are objects of a technical nature, we speak of technical diagnostics.
Diagnosis is a set of methods and tools for determining the main indicators technical condition individual mechanisms and the machine as a whole without disassembling them or with partial disassembly.
The result of diagnosis is diagnosis - conclusion on the technical condition of the object, indicating, if necessary, the location, type and cause of the defect.
Reliability of diagnosis– the probability that during diagnostics the technical condition in which the diagnostic object is actually located is determined.
Technical condition- a set of properties of an object subject to change during production or operation, characterized at a certain point in time by signs and state parameters established technical documentation to this object.
State parameter- a physical quantity that characterizes the performance or serviceability of the diagnostic object and changes during operation.
Diagnostic operation - part of the diagnostic process, the implementation of which allows one or more diagnostic parameters of an object to be determined.
Diagnostic technology - a set of methods, parameters and diagnostic operations performed systematically and consistently in accordance with technological documentation to obtain the final diagnosis.
In Fig. Figure 1 shows the structure of technical diagnostics. It is characterized by two interpenetrating and interconnected directions: the theory of recognition and the theory of control ability. Recognition theory contains sections related to the construction of recognition algorithms, decision rules and diagnostic models. The theory of controllability includes the development of tools and methods for obtaining diagnostic information, automated control and troubleshooting. Technical diagnostics should be considered as a section of the general theory of reliability.
Diagnosis includes three main stages:
· obtaining information about the technical condition of the diagnostic object;
· processing and analysis of received information;
· making a diagnosis and making a decision.
The first stage is to determine the parameters of the object’s condition, establish qualitative characteristics of the condition and obtain data on operating time; the second - in processing and comparing the obtained values of state parameters with nominal, permissible and limit values, as well as using the obtained data to predict the residual life; the third is in analyzing the forecasting results and establishing the volume and timing of maintenance and repair of machine components.
Diagnosis object- the product and its components subject to diagnostics.
The following objects are considered in technical diagnostics.
Element- the simplest component of a product in this consideration, in reliability problems can consist of many parts.
Product- a unit of product for a specific purpose, considered during the periods of design, production, testing and operation.
System- a set of jointly acting elements designed to independently perform specified functions.
The concepts of element, product and system are transformed depending on the task at hand. For example, when establishing its own reliability, a machine is considered as a system consisting of individual elements - mechanisms, parts, etc., and when studying the reliability of a production line - as an element.
Object structure - a conventional diagram of its structure, formed by the sequential division of an object into structural elements (components, assembly units, etc.).
When diagnosing, they distinguish work impacts, arriving at the facility during its operation, and test influences, which are supplied to the facility only for diagnostic purposes. Diagnostics, in which only working influences are applied to the object, is called functional, and diagnostics, in which test influences are applied to the object, - test technical diagnostics.
A set of means, performers and diagnostic objects, prepared for checking state parameters or carrying it out according to the rules established by the relevant documentation, is called technical diagnostic system.
Diagnostics allows you to: reduce machine downtime due to technical faults by preventing failures by timely adjustment, replacement or repair of individual mechanisms and assemblies; eliminate unnecessary disassembly of individual mechanisms and assemblies and reduce the wear rate of parts; correctly determine the type and scope of repairs and reduce labor intensity current repairs by reducing disassembly, assembly and repair work; make better use of the resources of individual units and the machine as a whole, and therefore reduce the total number of repairs and the consumption of spare parts.
Experience in implementing diagnostics shows that the time between repairs increases by 1.5...2 times, the number of failures and malfunctions decreases by 2...2.5 times, and repair and maintenance costs are reduced by 25...30%.
In addition, the technical maintenance system for a fixed resource (average system) does not provide high reliability and minimum costs. This system is gradually dying out; a new and more economical method of maintenance and repair based on actual technical condition (diagnostic system) is being increasingly introduced. This makes it possible to more fully utilize the between-repair life of machines, eliminate unreasonable disassembly of mechanisms, reduce downtime due to technical faults, and reduce the labor intensity of maintenance and repair. Condition-based operation can bring benefits equivalent to the cost of 30% of the total fleet.
In some cases, it is advisable to use combined (mixed) diagnostics - representing a set of regulated technical diagnostics and diagnostics based on technical condition.
For diagnostic and combined systems New research methods and a different mathematical apparatus are required. The basis should be a theory of reliability. It is necessary to study more deeply and take into account changes in the physical patterns of failure, wear and aging of parts in mechanical systems. An important role in improving the reliability management of rolling stock belongs to the development and implementation of methods for predicting the technical condition of vehicle units.
Goals and objectives of technical diagnostics. Relationship between diagnostics and reliability
The purpose of technical diagnostics is to increase the reliability and service life of technical systems. Measures to maintain the reliability of machines are aimed at reducing the rate of change in state parameters (mainly the wear rate) of their components and preventing failures. As is known, the most important indicator of reliability is the absence of failures during the operation (operation) of a technical system.
Technical diagnostics, thanks to the early detection of defects and malfunctions, makes it possible to eliminate failures during the maintenance process, which increases the reliability and efficiency of operation.
Like any repair, it begins with diagnostics. It is necessary to establish whether there are any organic disorders? What emotion underlies the disorder: guilt, resentment, fear? In addition, you should find out whether there are signs of psychopathy? If we receive a positive answer to all questions, then hypnosis, as doctors say, is “indicated.” Next is preparation for work.
As Suvorov said, “every warrior must understand his maneuver” - the patient will have to be cured with the help of a hypnotherapist, so he will have to take my instructions as a guide to action. This, by the way, is the most important part of the process of getting rid of an illness, because many people think that they have paid to be “treated.” Sometimes you can die laughing. In fact, the hypnotherapist is nothing more than Virgil guiding Dante through the circles of hell. In the end, each patient begins to understand this, and silent composure replaces the sybaritic expectation. That’s it, “the client is ready”! Let's start the dive.
For therapeutic purposes, “light somnambulism” is usually used - the middle stage of hypnosis (two points according to Katkov, the level of eyelid catalepsy in Elman’s induction), but even this level of immersion will require courage. It will be necessary to give up everyday fears about hypnosis (“they will turn you into zombies, break your psyche”) and think about why the two-century practice of using hypnosis in medicine has not led to licensing of hypnotherapy activities? Having answered this question in yourself, think about the purpose of immersion in a somnambulist. Do you want to get rid of a psychosomatic illness or just experience the feeling of hypnotic nirvana? Both are good, but in the first case you need to be prepared for the fact that familiar symptoms will arise at some stage. After all, you want to get rid of them? Then, while listening to the recording, you will have to not only put up with them, but also hold on to them and even savor them. This is necessary so that the process of therapy can begin in the free layers of the psyche that you have uncovered.
Please use audio recordings freely. You can turn on any of them from the place where you can surrender to the surging emotions: sob excitedly, and laugh convulsively, and have hysterics, and express thoughts out loud. You can use both tracks alternately, switching from the first to the second or vice versa as soon as any obstacle arises. The main thing is not to forget that this is not a treatment, but a “tester” - a game of hypnotherapy. The hypnostimulator is designed to create an advertising and propaganda effect so that you become more serious about the possibilities of hypnotherapy. Therefore, the smoothing or even complete disappearance of painful symptoms should not mislead you - you simply have the opportunity to make sure that hypnotherapy is indicated for you. Now you know for sure that you should make an appointment with a live specialist to undergo a full course of treatment.
Good luck! Hypnotherapist Gennady Ivanov.
Educational program on hypnosis
Ready to dial, stop. State your request clearly. Please first look at the articles on hypnosis in order to have a clear understanding of the phenomenon and perhaps dispel fears and myths:
Reviews, articles about hypnosis on medbooking.com
Hypnosis: a review of the treatment of fear of riding the subway & psoriasis & social phobia
Treatment of deep caries under hypnosis. Hypnoanesthesia & Self-hypnosis.
Pain relief through hypnosis. Ultra-deep hypnosis. Hypnoanesthesia. Dental treatment under hypnosis
Hypnosis: a review of the treatment of ophidiophobia (fear of snakes).
