People are sick of the centuries, and the centuries are waiting for help. Oddly, the proverb "Thunder does not bother - a man will not cross" refers not only to our people. The creation of a Vienna voluntary rescue society began immediately after a catastrophic effect on the consequences of a fire in the Viennese theater of the comic opera on December 8, 1881, in which only the dead was 479 people . Despite the abundance of well-equipped clinics, many victims (with burns and injuries) for more than a day could not get medical care. The origin of the Society became Professor Yaromir Mundi - Surgeon, who witnessed a fire. In the composition of the ambulance team, doctors and medical students worked. And the sanitary transport veins of those years you see in the photo.
The next ambulance station was created by Professor Esmar in Berlin (although Professors remember rather by his mug - that very, which for enema ... :). In Russia, the creation of ambulance began in 1897 with Warsaw. Naturally, the appearance of a car could not pass by this sphere of human life. Already at the dawn of the automotive industry, the idea of \u200b\u200busing self-election strollers for medical purposes appeared. However, the first motorized "ambulances" (and they appeared, apparently, in America) had ... Electric traction. From March 1, 1900, New York's hospitals use ambulance electric vehicles.
According to the magazine "Cars" (№1, January 2002, the photo is dated to the magazine 1901), this ambulance carrier is an electric car Columbia (11 mph, a stroke of 25 km), brought by US President McKinley (William Mckinley) to the hospital after Attempts. In 1906, there are six pieces of such cars in New York.
In Russia, they also understood that cars needed for ambulance stations. But first used "carriages" on horseback.
Interestingly, since the first days of the Moscow ambulance, the type of brigade, which lived with small "variations" to the present day - a doctor, paramedic and sanitary. At each station was one carriage. Each coach was equipped with styling with medicines, tools and dressing materials.
The right to call an ambulance had only officials - a policeman, janitor, night watchman. From the beginning of the 20th century, the city partially subsidizes ambulance stations. By the middle of 1902, Moscow within the chamber of the College Val was served by 7 ambulances, which were located at 7 stations - under Sostchensky, Sretensky, Lefortovo, Tagansky, Yakiman and Presnensky police stations and the Prechistan Fire Depot. The service radius was limited to the limits of his police part. The first carriage for the carriage of the guide in Moscow appeared at the maternity shelter Brothers Bakhrushiny in 1903. Nevertheless, the existing forces lacked to ensure the growing city. In St. Petersburg, each of the 5 ambulance stations was equipped with two pairokon crews, 4 pairs of manual stretcher and everything necessary for filing first aid. At each station, 2 Sanitar was on duty (there were no doctors), whose task was transported by the victims on the streets and squares of the city to the nearest hospital or apartment. The first head of all the first aid stations and the head of all the case of filing first aid in St. Petersburg at the Committee of the Red Cross Company was G. I. Turner. A year after the opening of the stations (in 1900), there was a central station, and in 1905 the 6th first aid station was opened. By 1909, the organization first (ambulance) in St. Petersburg was presented in the following form: the central station, which guided and regulating the work of all district stations, it also accepted all challenges to ambulance.
In 1912, a group of doctors out of 50 people expressed consent free of charge to call the station to firstote.
In 1907, P.A. Fredition factory - one of the creators of the first Russian car - exhibited a sanitary car of its own production on the Renault chassis (Renault) at the International Motor Show in St. Petersburg.
The car with the body of Ilina factory (according to the project Pomorzeva) on the La Buire 25/35 chassis, suitable for the transport of patients and for surgical assistance in the conditions of the military-field lazaret.
In St. Petersburg, 3 Adler's sanitary car (Adler TYP K or KL 10/25 PS) was acquired in 1913, and an ambulance car station on the pea, 42. Large German firm Adler, which produced a wide range of cars now in oblivion .
Sanitary bodies for the Petrograd squad Irao made a famous Equip-body body factory "IV. Breedigam"
Ambulance for La Bewier (La Buire)
With the beginning of the First World War needed sanitary cars. Moscow motorists (from the first Russian automotive club in Moscow and the Moscow automotive society), and volunteers from other cities too (right - photo of Russo-Balta D24 / 35 Petrovsky voluntary fire society from Riga) formed sanitary columns from their converted for medical needs Organized on the assembled means of the lazaret for the wounded. Thanks to cars, dozens are rescued, if not hundreds of thousands of lives of the soldiers of the Russian army. Only motorists of the First Russian Automobile Club in Moscow from August to December 1914 transported 18439 wounded and affected areas from the station to the hospitals and Lazaruses.
In addition to Russian sanitary detachments, several foreign voluntary sanctars operated on the Eastern Front. Americans showed great activity. On the background of the left - Machines Ford T (Ford T) of the American Sanitary Ditch in Paris. Pay attention to the shape of the clothing of people who gathered on warboy shirts, ties, canoes.
Machines Pierce-Arrow (Pierce-Arrow 48-B-53) with the words "named after E.I.V. Great Princess Tatyana Nikolaevna American detachment. American Amber Abulance in Russia". Photos give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe number of health vehicles used for medical support in those years.
French and British volunteer sanitary columns also acted on East (Russian) front, and the sanitary squad of the Russian Volunteer Corps acted in France.
In the photo English Daimler Coventry (Daimler Coventry 15hp) with the inscription Ambulance Russe on board
Renault (Renault), right - English Sanitary Voxhall (Vauxhall), which also supplied to Russia.
Unic (Unic C9-0) of the French Red Cross in Odessa, 1917 (driver in the French military form), in the group of people stands Russian soldiers.
Sanitary Machine of the Russian Army Renault (Renault)
After the revolution, the old or trophy technique was first used.
Not only the ambulance station, but also hospitals, as well as the Petrograd fire team, was provided with automotive sanitary vehicles in the first post-revolutionary years. The goal is obvious - to accelerate the provision of medical care victims during the fire. Unidentified car brand in the photographs of the 1920s.
In the first years after the revolution ambulance Moscow served only accidents. Sick houses (regardless of gravity) were not served. Paragraph emergency care For suddenly ill at home was organized at the Moscow ambulance in 1926, doctors went to patients on motorcycles with wheelchairs, then on passenger cars. Subsequently, urgent assistance was allocated in a separate service and was transferred to the beginning of district health care departments.
From 1927, the first specialized brigade was working at the Moscow ambulance - psychiatric, leaving for the "brown" patient. Subsequently (1936) this service was transferred to a specialized psycho-certified under the leadership of the city psychiatrist.
Obviously, it was impossible to cover the need for sanitary transport such a huge country as the USSR due to imports. With the development of domestic automotive, the basic machines for the installation of specialized bodies were the Machines of the Gorky Automobile Plant. In the photo - sanitary machine gas-a on factory tests. Whether this car was produced - unknown.
The second chassis suitable for re-equipment for ambulance in the 1930s became "half a gun" GAZ-AA. Under the specialized bodies of the car were altered in a variety of unlucky workshops. In the photo - a sanitary car from Tula.
In Leningrad, it seems that gas-aa in the 30s of the twentieth century was the main car soon (left). In 1934, a standard body of Leningrad ambulance was adopted. By 1941, the Leningrad Station of Emergency Medical Assistance consisted of 9 substations in various districts and had a fleet of 200 cars. The maintenance area of \u200b\u200beach substation averaged 3.3 km. Operational management was carried out by the staff of the central substation.
In Moscow emergency gas-aa also used. And at least a few varieties of the machine. Left - Photo, dated 1930, it is possible, this is Ford AA).
In Moscow, the remake of Ford Aa under the ambulance car was made according to the project I.F. Rherman. The front and rear springs were replaced by softer, hydraulic amotizers were installed on both axes, rear axle Completed with single wheels, due to which the car had a narrow rear rings. The car did not have its own name or designation.
The increase in the number of substations and challenges required the corresponding fleet of cars - quick, roomy and comfortable. Soviet Limousine ZIS-101 became the basis for creating an ambulance. Medical modification was created at the factory for the project IF Rhermann with the active assistance of Doctors A.S. Puccova and A.M.Nechaev.
These machines worked in Moscow ambulance and post-war.
Specificity of work makes special requirements for ambulance. In the garage, the Moscow ambulance was designed and a specialized car was built.
Before the war, it was developed from 1937 to 1945 by a branch of gas (since 1939 he began to be called Gorky bus factory) GAZ-55 specialized machines were produced (based on a gas-mm truck - a modernized gas-aa version with a gas-M engine). In GAZ-55 it was possible to transport 4 lying and 2 seats or 2 beds and 5 seats or 10 seats. The car was equipped with a calorifer who worked from exhaust gasesand ventilation system.
By the way, you probably remember the sanitary car in the film "Caucasian Captive". This driver was swore: "Yes, so that I still got behind the ram of this vacuum cleaner!" This is a gas-mm with a hoody-made sanitary body.
In total, more than 9 thousand cars were released. Unfortunately, not a single one left.
Interesting the history of medical buses - most often re-equipped from the mobilized passenger transport cities. Left ZIS-8 (bus on the ZIS-5 chassis). ZIS released these buses only in 1934-36., Later, buses on the drawings of the plant were made on the chassis of trucks ZIS-5 many enterprises, bus parks and body workshops, in particular, the Moscow Plant "AREMKUZ". Submitted to the photo bus ZIS-8 1938, owned by a film studio "Mosfilm", starred in the film "The place of the meeting cannot be changed."
City buses ZIS-16 also had basic ZIS-5 chassis. Simplified modification - a medical bus - developed before the war, was produced since 1939 under the name of the ZIS-16C. The car could transport 10 lying and 10 sedentary patients (not counting the driver and sanitation sites).
In the first post-war years (since 1947), the base machine of ambulance ZIS-110A (sanitary modification of the famous Limousine ZIS-110), created at a factory in close cooperation with the heads of the Moscow ambulance station A.S.Photkov and A.M.Nachaev With the use of experience gained in the pre-war years. It's clear that backdoor Opened together by S. rear glassWhat is much more convenient than it was on the ZIS-101. The drawer is visible to the right of the stretcher - apparently, its "regular place" was provided.
The car was equipped with an eight-celluldron in line engine six-liter, with a capacity of 140 hp, thanks to which it was high-speed, but very voracious - fuel consumption of 27.5 l / 100 km. At least two such cars have been preserved to this day.
In the 50s, gas-12b winters came to help the zisam. Front seat It was separated by a glass partition, in the rear of the cabin there were retractable stretchers and two folding seats. The six-cylinder engine GAZ-51 in the forced version reached the capacity of 95 hp, there was a few "more soon" according to dynamic qualities than the ZIS-110, but gasoline (A-70, who was considered high-octane) consumed less than -18, 5 l / 100 km.
There was a medical modification of the famous "victory" GAZ-M20.
In the car, folding stretchers were located somewhat. The left half of the back of the rear seating could be folded, freeing the place for the stretcher. Similar design applies to today. The main car ambulance cities (so-called. Linear) in the 1960s were specialized cars RAF-977I (produced by the Riga automobile plant on the aggregates "Volga" GAZ-21).
In different living conditions, people have to save different ways. And if in Russia this function is performed mainly by ambulance cars, then in Europe and the USA everything is much more interesting. There's exceptionally strange and unusual "fast" appear on the light. I present to your attention the 11 most unusual medical care permissions created to save people's lives in different conditions.
Renault Alaskan.
In Hannover, at the exhibition of commercial vehicles this year, the Renault Pro + division presented several modifications of the Alaskan pickup, including the ambulance carrier. Medical version of the Renault Alaskan Pickup is only a concept, so it is not known whether anyone will see his drags in a hurry to the rescue, or not.
The following versions of Renault Alaskan were also demonstrated at the exhibition: fire car, pickup equipped lifting basket and patrol machine road safety. All modifications, including ambulance, are based on a monotonous Alaskan with a double cab.
Ford F-Series
In the US under medical needs, pickups are rebuilt for quite a long time. This is an example of a Pickup-urgent Ford F-Series.
By the way, in the US, Pickups F-Series are used by all firefighters, construction teams, travel services, electricians and others.
Citywide Mobile Response
There is nothing special in this carriage of ambulance anything special about internal decoration car. Probably this is the most luxurious urgent in the world.
The interior decorated with leather and red wood can boast Wi-Fi, digital TV, audio system, bar, massage therapist and personal doctor. Certide Mobile Response provides this pleasure. For these services are asked from $ 350 per hour.
Renault Twizy Cargo.
Ambulance is an extremely useful invention. But very often the very concept of ambulance machine provides for the presence of a place to transport a person. But this unit is definitely not accommodated. But not rare cases when the patient does not need to carry anywhere, but simply need timely help. Sanitary electric Renault Twizy Cargo and was built in order to deliver a doctor to first quickly.
The medical version is built on the basis of TWIZY CARGO, which is missing rear seatAnd instead of it is equipped with a special trunk with a volume of 180 liters for accommodation necessary equipment To provide first aid.
Renault Master
In this medical van, Renault Master in principle nothing special. It is equipped with usual diesel engine Power 118 hp The exception is that Sebastian Vettel himself rolled on it.
Ferrari pilot Sebastian Vettel tried himself at the wheel of the Renault Master ambulance with a diesel engine with a capacity of 118 horses. At the same time, the driver is an ambulance Alex Knepton, on which a 1354 challenge, for the first time in his life, tried a 670-strong Ferrari 488 GTB for the first time to check whether he would be faster than 4-fold world champion. The victory remained behind the Vettel, who drove one circle driving the Master faster Knepton on Ferrari for seven seconds faster.
Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG
And this is probably the fastest way in the world of ambulance. Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG Emergency Medical is equipped with a 6.3-liter V8, developing 571 horsepower and 650 nm of torque. The German front-engineer supercar accelerates to 100 km / h in just 3.8 seconds, his maximum speed It is 317 km / h.
SLS AMG modified Under an ambulance received an appropriate coloring and flashlight beacons according to all the laws of the genre. That on board the medical supercar is unknown.
Lotus Evora.
The fleet of the Dubai police has long been known for the presence of exotic sports cars. Made and ambulance aid for truly "soon". Carette emergency medical care on the basis of sports car Lotus Evora is not intended for the operational transportation of patients to therapeutic institutions. The final supercar is used for urgent transportation to the scene of the medical equipment, such as defibrillastors or oxygen pillows.
The coupe, which develops the maximum speed is more than 260 km / h, will allow doctors to get to victims to the victims to provide first aid.
Nissan 370z.
Also in the fleet of Dubai doctors there is Nissan 370z. He also like Lotus Evora is equipped with medical equipment. And there is no speech about the transportation of patients here.
The "fast" Nissan 370Z is equipped with a 3.7-liter gasoline V6 with a capacity of 325 hp The engine can work in a pair of both seven-step automatic and six-speed manual boxes.
Ford Mustang.
In addition to Lotus Evora and Nissan 370z, Dubai doctors already have two Ford Mustang.
The car, like the previous two, will go to challenges, as well as participate in social campaigns.
Mercedes-Benz Citaro
Here is another very interesting exhibit of the Dubai Medical Park. This Mercedes-Benz Citaro city buse can take 20 patients on board at once.
Medical mobile bus is equipped with all the most necessary that doctors need. There is even X-ray and ECG. This car takes those who suffered as a result of mass catastrophes and disasters.
Trakol-39294.
For such places where the usual ambulance will not pass to patients and victims, there is a TROLOCH-39294 amphibian, refurbished in an ambulance carriage.
SHESTIC Russian Monster on Tires ultra low pressure Will almost anywhere. The all-terrain vehicle can be equipped with one of the three engine: 2.3 and 2.7 liter gasoline volume, as well as 2.5 liter diesel.
The color photographic scheme of ambulance cars - white with red - was first fixed by Goste USSR in 1962.
Since 1968, according to Guest, an orange flashing lighthouse was installed on ambulance cars. Unlike a blue lighthouse (modern "flasher"), he did not give advantages over other participants in the movement.
The fastest ambulance in soviet history and among serial cars There was a "Volga" GAZ 24-03, the maximum speed of which was 142 km / h, which is 2 km / h more than in Spevtobus ZIL-118M "Youth" with a V8 engine.
In the 1970s, minibuses RAF-22031 were the first to get a blue glimpical lighthouse on the roof. Similar UAZ ("Tablets") due to confusion with GOSTs for many more years were produced with an orange lighthouse.
Fashion apply inscriptions on the front of emergency services in mirror mapping came from the West. The driver of a car who goes ahead could read the inscription in the mirrors in normal form and give way to the road.
According to the reviews of drivers - veterans ambulance the most reliable medical cars There were modifications of "Volga" GAZ-22. Mileage in a million kilometers for 8-10 years was ordinary for them.
Emergency siren differs in a tonality of both police and fire. Machines such as winters, "victory" and "Volga" GAZ-22 have not been equipped with sirens.
The single telephone number of emergency emergency call "03" was introduced throughout the USSR in 1965 at the same time as emergency rooms of militia and fire protection.
Special medical ambulance cars are used for urgent transportation of patients or providing them emergency At home. Vehicles of this category when leaving the call have an advantage on the road, they can pass on the prohibitory signal of the traffic light or move along the counter band, be sure to turn on special sound and signal beams.
Linear category
This is the most common variation of ambulance cars. In our country, for linear brigades, modifications are most often provided with the modifications of the "Emergency" carriage on the basis of "Gazelle", "Sable" with a low roof, UAZ and VAZ-2131 SP (Country-oriented).
In accordance with international standards, these machines, due to insufficient dimensions of the salon part, can only be applied to transport people who do not require urgent medical care. According to European requirements, transport for basic treatment, monitoring and transporting patients requiring emergency intervention should have an increased work part.
Reanimobile
According to GOST, emergency medical care cars for resuscitation, cardiological, toxicological teams and doctors intensive therapy Must comply with a specific category. As a rule, these are transport with a high roof, equipped with adaptations for intensive measures, observations of the patient's condition and transportation. Besides standard Set Drugs and special devices for linear analogues, they must have a pulse oximeter, perfuzors and some other equipment, which will be talked in more detail below.
In fact, the purpose of the brigade is determined not so much with the equipment of the reanimobile, how many personnel qualifications and the disease profile, according to which it is used. There are special analogues of resuscitation machines for children, which in our country is a rarity. As far as is known, only one brigade works in Moscow - in the DGKB named after Filatov.
Neonatal model for newborns
The main difference between the ambulance cars of this type - the presence of a special compartment for the newborn patient (incubator type cusiness). It is a rather complicated device in the form of a box with opening walls from transparent plastic. It supports optimal stable temperature and humidity level. The doctor can observe the condition of the kid, the work of vital organs. If necessary, it connects the apparatus of artificial respiration, oxygen and other devices that ensure the survival of a small patient. This is especially important for premature children.
Neonatological cars of emergency care are assigned to special centers for navel newborns. For example, in Moscow it is GKB No. 13, 7, 8, in St. Petersburg - a specialized advisory center.
Other modifications
Among other media transport, the following options can be noted:
Cities of emergency medical care
Depending on the dimensions, equipment and technical parametersMix three categories of urgent:
Below is a table in which the drugs and equipment are indicated on board the urgent, depending on their category.
| Complete set of ambulance brigades | Class "A" | Class "B" | Class "C" |
| Infusion set NSEP-05 | |||
| Traumatological set NIT-01 | |||
| Obstetric Set of NSEP-06 and Resuscitation NIS | |||
| Set of Feldscher Help NSEP-08 | |||
| Cloak stretcher NP | |||
| Wheelchair and longitudinal folding stretcher | |||
| Defibrillator | |||
| The device IVL TM-T | |||
| Inhalation Drug | |||
| Pulse oximeter | |||
| Nebulizer, Glucometer, Picofloroometer | |||
| Tire sets for fixing hips, neck | |||
| Reducer cylinder for medical gases | |||
| Tripod for injections |
In the history and modern era, there are cases when non-traditional were used as a quick medical response carriage vehiclesSometimes very original. For example, in the period of the Second World War in major cities, trams often performed as an emergency. This was due to the fact that almost the whole automobile transport, not to mention profile medical machines, was mobilized to front-line areas.
Along the division line, also during the Second World War, the sanitary trains were kicked, which can be attributed very conditionally to urgent help. They were imposed on the emergency delivery of wounded and patients from the front-line zone to the hospitals.
At the remote areas of modern Russia (in the Taiga districts of Siberia and the Far East), snowmobiles or all-terrain vehicles serve as emergency care. The peoples of Chukotka and other regions of the Far North to deliver patients often use deer harness. In some regions, as soon as before, it is possible to reach the hospital faster. There are "floating" hospitals (boats with motors, boats, boats).
In conclusion
In most domestic cities, the most popular ambulance car GAZ-32214 or 221172. It is these cars most often go to standard challenges, have a minimal equipment, and many lives save.
I would like to hope that this industry will develop, especially since its financing has been carried out for several years due to revenues from compulsory media.
Do you know what happens when you dial "03" on the phone? Your call automatically falls into the central dispatching point of the republic. The tube removes the reception and calling specialist ...
1. Almost all outgoing calls to the numbers "03", "103" come to a single dispatch service of the Republican ambulance station. The station serves more than 75 percent of the republics of the Republic: about a hundred service brigades per day go to challenges over a thousand times. Work here around the clock.
2. When on the phone you ask for help, then the first to hear, there will be a dispatcher voice. The duty officer will begin to ask you special questions. Unfortunately, false calls happen quite often.
3. It may seem that it shows indifference, but with the help of clarifying issues determines the state of the patient and which brigade to send to the aid (challenges of citizens are divided into ambulance and emergency).
4. Coordinates the work of the sign of the Senior doctor. Meet Irina Serov, senior doctor of emergency medical care.
5. Before her eyes are two monitors on which incoming calls are displayed in priority. In practice, experienced patients already know that it is necessary to say that it is the ambulance: "make a mistake" at the age of decreasing, hide the chronic nature of the disease, aggravate the symptoms. The word "dying" works best.
6. All you say is clogged into a computer, all calls are recorded. Technical innovations have reduced to a minimum number of missed and non-losing calls, optimally distribute resources to maintain calls.
7. The whole process takes about two or three minutes. The data is processed, and, depending on your location, the call enters the ambulance substation, as a rule, to the one that is closer to the victim.
8. With the help of the GLONASS system in real time, the movement of ambulance crews is monitored: location, time staying at the address and even speed in the process of movement.
9. Each parameter is recorded, analyzed, which helps in further work, for example, in controversial situations, if any.
10. From the moment of calling to arrival, there should be about twenty minutes. With the help of dispatching services, the ambulances are brought by a sharp patient in that clinic, where he can quickly assist.
11. The building of the republican ambulance station has its own ambulance substation, which mainly serves urban challenges. For physicians working on emergency calls, there are no holidays or weekends.
12. At the substation all conditions have been created. Work schedule - day after three. There is a rest room here, where in free from calls time, you can relax a bit.
13. Dining room. Here you can warm up the food and eat in the break from the departure.
14. Medicinal preparations in sufficient quantities are stored in special lockers at a certain temperature.
16. In addition to the analgin, Nitroglycin and Validol, the ambulance brigades have the most modern drugs that are able to help in a matter of minutes in heart attacks and strokes.
17. So looks like an outbound medical bag of ambulance brigades. It weighs about 5 kilograms and there are not only a sufficient number of painkillers, but also narcotic ones.
18. The most peak of calls by numbers "103" or "03" occurs in 10-11 in the morning and from 17 pm to 23 hours. Calls are provided by "ambulance" carriages, equipped with everything necessary.
19. And here there is a simulation center equipped with special mannequins, as much as possible imitating vital important functions Human organism. Thanks to the conditions created, the future doctors and ambulance headsers are honored their first aid skills.
The work of the doctors is not the easiest, try to help emergency staff as your strength: do not terrorize false and trifle calls, to give way to the road on the track, behave adequately upon the arrival of the "Emerior" team.
The ambulance is a great school, which is advisable to go through any future doctor. She teaches to make decisions quickly, fight for squeezing, gives invaluable behavior experience in non-standard situations.
