TR trucks. That trucks: frequency, work composition and general recommendations. General Plan of the automotive enterprise

The organization that and tr is based on the technological principle of the formation of production units, in which each type of technical influence (TO_1, TO_2, TR, cars, repair of components and aggregates, etc.) is carried out by specialized sites (divisions). Divisions performing homogeneous types of technical impacts are combined into production complexes: A complex of production preparation, a complex of current repair of cars and a complex that.

The production preparation complex unites units that repair the assemblies, nodes, restoration and manufacture of parts, as well as other works are not related to directly performing them on vehicles. It includes: Motor, aggregate workshop, nodes repair shop brake system, rechargeable and carburetor shop, vulcanization workshop, turning, greasy, bulk, tin, blacksmith and medical workshops, a plot of configuration, intermediate warehouse, a warehouse, a transport area. The production preparation complex implements the main task - advent of TP complexes and then spare parts, aggregates, nodes and materials.

The configuration site provides preparation of nodes and aggregates to be sent to overhaul on the autoretors according to the plan of delivery and other work to maintain the established uncompanied reserve of parts, good nodes and aggregates.

Intermediate warehouse is an essential link in the complex. Its functions include: storage of current units, materials and remond, issuance of these materials, nodes and aggregates.

The TP complex unites units that produce work on the replacement of faulty units, nodes and parts of cars for good, as well as fastening-adjustment and other works on tr directly on vehicles. The complex includes areas of trot cars in rooms, a tire plot, a welding plot, a car repair shop, as well as an open zone of TP in the summer.

The area of \u200b\u200bthe Trot is equipped with a direct-flow inspection ditch and a tight loading capacity of 2.0T.

The tire plot includes dismantling and installation posts, replacing tires. On the site there is a bench for dismantling tires, a wheel wrench, a compressor and a tire swap device, two protective devices for tire swap.

The welding site includes two posts for the production of gas welding work on a car or its nodes and parts and for the production of electric welding. Equipped with a plot with appropriate equipment.

The complex that and diagnostics performs that regulatory work, concomitant repairs and work on the diagnosis of rolling stock. The complex includes two specialized brigades that perform: TO_1 and diagnostic work; TO_2, RELATING OPERATIONS AND CONGRACTING REPAIRs.

Specialization of posts TR allows the most mechanized labor-intensive work, reduce the need for the same type of equipment, improve working conditions, use less skilled workers. As a result, the quality of work and labor productivity increases.

Scheme of organization that and tru cars

The volume of both trial is distributed at the place of its implementation on technological and organizational features. And TR are performed at posts and production sites (offices). The posting includes works on the TP, performed directly by car (washers, cleaning, lubricants, fastening, diagnostic, etc.). Works on the inspection and repair of nodes, mechanisms and aggregates taken from the car are performed in areas (aggregate, mechanical, electrical engineering).

In the frequency, list and labor intensity of the performance of cars are divided into the following types: daily maintenance (EO); Periodic maintenance (COM), seasonal service (CO).

EO includes filling work and control aimed at each-day security and maintenance of proper external view car. For the most part, the EO is performed by the driver of the car before departure, on the way or on return to the parking lot.

It provides for the implementation of a certain amount of work through the established operational mileage of the car. In accordance with the standards trucks Upon periodicity, the EO is performed once a day, then-1 after 3000 km, then-2 through 12000 km of run.

CO provides for the implementation of the additional operations for the preparation of the car to winter or summer exploitation.

The repair is called a set of works to eliminate the faults and restoring the working capacity of the car as a whole or the aggregate. Repair of the car is carried out by necessity and includes control and diagnostic, dissemination and assembly, plumbing, mechanical, welding, tough, painting, electrical work. For high-quality implementation, the Trus company is equipped with the necessary posts, devices, devices, instruments tools and equipment, technical documentation.

The main part of the work on both TR is performed at the posts in the zone of both Trot cars. In addition, the maintenance and repair of instruments of the system and electrical equipment are performed on the diagnostic area; Welding, tires, body, tire, vulcanization, painted - on specialized sections. Rechargeable work is carried out on the battery area.

With regular maintenance, the technical status parameters are supported in the specified limits. However, due to the wear of parts, breakdowns and other reasons, the resource of the car, its aggregates or mechanisms is consumed, and this moment occurs when the car can no longer be operated normally. In other words, it comes its limit state, which cannot be eliminated by preventive methods of maintenance, and requires restoring eliminated performance - repair.

The main purpose of the technical repair is to eliminate the faults that have arisen in the car, its aggregates or failures and the restoration of their performance.

With technical repairs, the following types of work are performed:

dissemination assembly;

mechanical mechanical;

mednitskiy;

warmer-tiny;

electrotechnical;

tinor repair;

adjusting and some other species.

WORKS FOR REPAIR OF THE CAR OF LAW MAINTENANCE AND REQUIRED SET TO MUCH CASE CASE. To conduct them, it is sometimes necessary partial or complete disassembly of the product to establish or replace parts, the use of complex accurate, welding, painting and other equipment.

The main basic parts and aggregates include the engine cylinder block, gearbox, leading bridge, steering mechanism, beam front Bridge Or crossing independent suspension, body body. With a technical repair, dismantling and restoration work can be carried out both by the car as a whole and in its individual aggregates, systems and nodes. Along with this, with technical repairs, it is restored, replacing and eliminating various damage to parts, deformations and bodies of body and its parts, soldering, boring, color, anticorrosive protection, replacement of glass, reinforcement, etc.

Technical repairs May be current and capital.

At the current repairs, emerging failures and malfunctions are eliminated, contribute to the execution of mileage norms to overhaul with minimal downtime. The need for such repairs is established during control examinations that are performed during all types of maintenance, as well as at the driver's requests or car owner. Current repairs at maintenance stations, in auto repair, motor vehicles, autocombins, replacing the piston rings, bearings inserts from the restored units crankshaft, wheel hub bearings, springs and spring fingers, ball fingers of the steering drive, perform valve wrappers, radiator soldering, etc.

Overhaul is designed to restore the performance of cars and their aggregates in order to ensure the established interrontal mileage, subject to regular technical inspection, current repairs and properly operation. The norms of interremary runs of capitally repaired aggregates are usually prescribed at least 80% of the mileage rate for new units and cars. The technical condition and completeness of the car and its aggregates must comply with the same technical conditions for the delivery and issuance from major repairs.

Overhaul of cars must be carried out by specialized auto enterprises with full disassembly on units, and units for details. The need for major repairs is determined by the Special Commission, which is appointed by the head of the automobile enterprise.

In the overhaul, units are not taken if, when diagnosing or inspection it turned out, it turned out that the rules for repairs are violated during registration and if the defects of basic parts are not amenable to recovery. The aggregates are sent to overhaul in case of the need to repair the basic part, deterioration of the technical condition of the unit due to the wear of most parts and then when the unit is necessary for the repair of the base part.

In case of major repairs, the unit fully disassemble, detect faults, restore the necessary parts, nodes or replace them, after which the unit is collected, they are adjusted and test.

To determine the technical condition of the car and the volume of repair work, various diagnostics tools are used. If you define when diagnosing technical condition Or malfunction of nodes and aggregates is not possible, they are removed from the car and disassemble to determine the scope of work. The results of the inspection are in a map of the control and diagnostic inspection of the car.

Repair cars with an individual or aggregate way.

An individual method of repair provides for dismantling of damaged aggregates, their restoration, repair and installation on the car. In this case, the method of repairing a simple car may be significant.

The aggregate repair method significantly reduces idle time, since in this case the repair is performed by replacing faulty units and nodes for serviceable. The aggregate method is usually repaired on specialized enterprises and in workshops, which increases the efficiency of repair.

4.2 Harmful factors

Natural and artificial lighting

The light is the natural condition for the human life necessary for

preservation of health and high productivity, and based on

work of the visual analyzer, the finest and universal organ

The light is an eye-visible electromagnetic waves

optical range of 380-760 nm long perceived by mesh shell

visual analyzer.

IN production rooms Used 3 types of lighting:

natural (source it is the sun), artificial (when

only artificial light sources are used); Combined or

mixed (characterized by simultaneous combination of natural and

artificial lighting).

Combined lighting is used in the case when only

natural lighting can not provide the necessary conditions for

performance of production operations.

Two current construction norms and rules are provided

artificial lighting systems: general lighting system and

combined lighting.

Natural lighting is created by natural light sources straight

solid rays and diffuse light of the sky (from sun ray,

scattered atmosphere). Natural lighting is biologically

the most valuable view of the lighting to which the easiest of the eye is

man.

In the production premises the following types of natural

lighting: Side - through lightways (windows) in the outer walls; top -

through light lights in overlaps; Combined - through light

lights and windows.

In buildings with insufficient natural lighting applied combined

lighting - a combination of natural and artificial light. Artificial

the lighting in the combined system can function constantly (in zones with

insufficient natural light) or turn on with the onset

Artificial lighting at industrial enterprises is carried out

incandescent lamps and gas-discharge lamps that are sources

artificial light.

In the production premises, general and local lighting are used.

General - to illuminate the entire premises, local (in the combined system)

To increase the lighting of only working surfaces or individual parts

equipment.

Application not only local illumination is not allowed.

From the point of view of labor hygiene, the main lighting characteristic

is illumination (e), which is the distribution

luminous flux (f) on the surface area (S) and can be expressed

formula E \u003d F / S.

Light stream (f) - radiant power, estimated by

produced with a visual sensation. Measured in lumens (LM).

In the physiology of visual perception, it is important not

falling flow, and the level of brightness of the illuminated production and other

objects that are reflected from the illuminated surface in the direction of the eye.

Visual perception is determined not illumination, but brightness, under

which understand the characteristics of glowing bodies equal to the ratio of the power of light

in any direction to the area of \u200b\u200bthe projection of the luminous surface on

plane perpendicular to this direction. Brightness is measured by B.

nits (NT). The brightness of the illuminated surfaces depends on their light properties,

the degree of illumination and angle, under which the surface is considered.

The power of light is a light flux, propagating inside the corner corner,

equal to 1 steradiant. Unit of Light - Candela (CD).

The light flux falling to the surface is partially reflected,

absorbed or skipped through the illuminated body. Therefore, lights

the properties of the illuminated surface are also characterized by the following

coefficients:

reflection coefficient - the ratio of the light flow reflected by the body

falling;

the transmittance ratio is the ratio of the light flux passing through

wednesday to falling;

the absorption coefficient is the relationship of the light flux absorbed by the body

to falling.

Necessary levels The illumination is normalized in accordance with SNiP 23-

05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting" depending on accuracy

performed production operations, light properties of the working surface

and the details under consideration, lighting systems. "

To hygienic requirements reflecting the quality of production

lighting include:

uniform distribution of brightness in the field of view and the restriction of the shadows;

restriction of direct and reflected gloss;

restriction or elimination of light flux oscillations.

Uniform distribution of brightness in the field of view is important

to maintain human performance. If in sight constantly

there are surfaces that are significantly different in brightness (illumination),

then when translating a look with a brightly familiar eye surface

forced to disadvantaged. Frequent disadvantage leads to development

treatment of vision and makes it difficult to perform production operations.

The degree of non-uniformity is determined by the non-uniformity coefficient -

the ratio of maximum illumination to the minimum. The higher the accuracy

works, the less should be the coefficient of unevenness.

Excessive blinding brightness (brilliance) - a luminous property

surfaces with elevated brightness to break the conditions for comfortable vision,

worsen contrast sensitivity or render both of these

actions.

Luminaires - Sources of light enclosed in fittings - are intended

for the correct distribution of light flux and eye protection from excessive

brightness of the light source. Armature protects the light source from mechanical

damage, as well as smoke, dust, soot, moisture, ensures fixing and

connect to power source.

By light distribution, the lamps are divided into lamps

direct, scattered and reflected light. Light light lamps

80% of the light stream are sent to the bottom hemisphere due to the internal

reflective enamel surface. Scattered light lamps emit

light stream in both hemispheres: Some - 40-60% of the light stream down, others

60-80% up. Reflected Light Lights More than 80% Luminous Flow

send up to the ceiling, and the light reflected from it is sent down to

work zone.

To protect the eyes from the luminosity of the luminous surface of the lamps

protective angle of the lamp - China formed by horizontal

from the surface of the lamp (the edges of the luminous thread) and the line passing through

edge of fittings.

Luminaires for luminescent lamps are mainly direct

tighter. Straight protection against straight liqueness serve as a protective angle,

screening lattices, transparent plastic or glass diffusers.

With the help of appropriate placement of lamps in the volume of workers

the room creates the lighting system. General lighting can be

uniform or localized. General placement of lamps (in

rectangular or checker) to create rational illumination

produce when performing the same type of work around the room, with a large

job density ( assembly shops In the absence of a conveyor,

wood-waste and other) general localized lighting is envisaged

to provide in a number of workplaces of illumination in a given plane

(thermal oven, blacksmith hammer, etc.) when near each of them

an additional lamp is installed (for example, Cososiver), as well as

fulfillment in the sections of the workshop of various works or if

shaded equipment.

Local lighting is designed to illuminate the working surface and

may be stationary and portable, lamps are more often used for it.

incandescent, as luminescent lamps can cause stroboscopic

Emergency lighting is arranged in industrial premises and on

open territory for temporary continuation of work in case of emergency

disable working lights (shared network). It should ensure not

less than 5% of the illumination from the normalized lighting system.

Production vibration

Long exposure to vibration of high levels on the human body

leads to the development of premature fatigue, reducing performance

labor, growth of morbidity and often to occur

pathology - vibration disease.

Vibration is a mechanical oscillatory movement of the system with elastic

Vibration according to the method of transmission per person (depending on the nature

contact with vibration sources) are conventionally divided into:

local (local) transmitted on the hands of the working, and general

transmitted through the supporting surfaces on the human body in the sitting position

(Buttocks) or standing (soles of the legs). Total vibration in the practice of hygienic

rationing is indicated as vibration of jobs. In industrial

conditions often hold a combined action of local and common vibration.

Production vibration in its physical characteristics has

pretty complex classification.

By the nature of the spectrum, vibration is divided into narrowband and

broadband; in frequency composition - on low-frequency with a predominance

maximum levels in octave stripes 8 and 16 Hz, mid-frequency - 31.5 and

63 Hz, high-frequency - 125, 250, 500, 1000 Hz - for local vibration;

for vibration of jobs - respectively 1 and 4 Hz, 8 and 16 Hz, 31.5 and

According to temporary characteristics, vibration is considered: constant for

which the amount of vibration cause changes no more than 2 times (by 6 dB)

during the observation of at least 1 min; non-permanent

vibrousness changes not less than 2 times (by 6 dB) during

observations for at least 1 min.

Non-permanent vibration in turn is divided into fluctuating in

time for which the level of vibration accumulation is continuously changing in

time; intermittent when the contact of the operator with vibration in the process

interrupted, and the duration of the intervals during which there is a place

contact is more than 1 s; impulse consisting of one or

several vibrational influences (for example, shocks), each

the duration of less than 1 s at the frequency of their follows is less than 5, 6 Hz.

Production sources of local vibration are manual

mechanized machines of shock, shock-rotational and rotational

actions with a pneumatic or electrical drive.

Percussion tools are based on the principle of vibration. To them

these are riveted, rubble, jackhammers, pneumothbrushes.

Shock-rotational action machines include pneumatic and

electric perforators. Apply in the mining industry

mostly with a drilling method of mining.

Rotationally manual mechanized machines include

grinding, drilling machines, electric and benzomotor saws.

Local vibration also takes place at grinding, essay,

grinding, polishing work performed on stationary machines with

manual feeding products; When working with manual instruments without engines,

for example, straightening work.

The main regulatory legal acts regulating the parameters

production vibrations are:

Sanitary standards and rules when working with machines and equipment that create a local vibration transmitted to the hands of working "

and "Sanitary standards of vibration of jobs" No. 3044-84.

Currently, about 40 state standards regulate

technical requirements for vibration machines and equipment, systems

vibration protection, methods for measuring and evaluating vibration parameters and others

The most effective means of protecting a person from vibration is

elimination directly to contact with vibrating equipment.

It is carried out by applying remote control, industrial

robots, automation and replacement of technological operations.

Reducing the adverse effect of vibration of manual mechanized

tools on the operator is achieved by technical solutions:

a decrease in vibration intensity directly in the source (due to

structural improvements);

external vibration products that are

elastic-free materials and devices placed between the source

vibration and hands of a person operator.

In the Complex of Events, an important role is assigned to the development and implementation.

scientifically based regimes of labor and recreation. For example, the total time

contact with vibration should not exceed 2/3 of the duration of the working

outdoor activities, physioprophylactic procedures,

production gymnastics for a special complex.

In order to prevent the adverse effects of local and general

vibrations working must use personal protective equipment:

mittens or gloves (GOST 12.4.002-74. "Individual protection products

hands from vibration. General requirements "); Speco shoes (GOST 12.4.024-76." Shoes

special vibration protection ").

In enterprises with the participation of SanEpidadzor of medical institutions, services

labor protection should be developed a specific complex of medical

biological preventive measures taking into account nature

affecting vibration and related factors of the production environment.

6. Electromagnetic, electrical and magnetic fields. Static

ELECTRICITY

Hazardous impact on working can have electromagnetic fields

radio frequencies (60 kHz-300 GHz) and electrical fields of industrial frequency (50

The source of electrical fields of industrial frequency is

current parts of existing electrical installations (power lines,

inductors, thermal installation capacitors, feeder lines, generators,

transformers, electromagnets, solenoids, pulse installations

half-period or condenser type, cast and metal-ceramic

magnets, etc.). Long exposure to the electric field on the body

a person can cause a violation of the functional state of nervous and

cardiovascular systems. This is expressed in high fatigue,

reducing the quality of working operations, pain in the heart area,

changing blood pressure and pulse.

The main types of collective protection against impact

electric field of industrial frequency currents are shielding

devices - component electrical installationintended for

protection of personnel in open distribution devices and air

power lines.

The shielding device is necessary when examining the equipment and

operational switching, observation of work work. Constructive

screening devices are made in the form of visors, canopies or

partitions made of metal ropes, rods, grids.

Portable screens are also used when maintained

electrical installations in the form of removable visors, canopies, partitions, tents and

Screening devices must have an anti-corrosion coating and

grounded.

The source of electromagnetic fields of radio frequencies is:

in the range of 60 kHz - 3 MHz - unshielded equipment elements for

induction metal processing (hardening, annealing, smelting, soldering, welding and

etc.) and other materials, as well as equipment and appliances used in

radio communications and broadcasting;

in the range of 3 MHz - 300 MHz -Next Equipment elements and

devices used in radio communications, broadcasting, television, medicine, and

also equipment for heating dielectrics (welding of plastic, heating

plastics, gluing of wooden products, etc.);

in the range of 300 MHz - 300 GHz -Next Equipment Elements and

devices used in radar, radio astronomy, radio spectroscopy,

physiotherapy, etc.

Prolonged impact of radio waves on various systems organism

a person in consequences have diverse manifestations.

Most characteristic when exposed to radio filters of all ranges

are deviations from the normal state of the central nervous system and

cardiovascular system of man. Subjective sensations of irradiated

personnel are frequent complaints headache, drowsiness or general

insomnia, fatigue, weakness, increased sweating, reduced memory,

scattered, dizziness, darkening in the eyes, unfortunate feeling

alarms, fear, etc.

To ensure safety of works with sources of electromagnetic waves

systematic control of the actual normalized parameters on

jobs and places of possible stay. Control

is carried out by measuring the electric and magnetic field strength, and

also measuring the energy flow density according to the approved methods

Ministry of Health.

Protection of personnel from radio waves applied for all types

works if the working conditions do not meet the requirements of the norms. This defense

carried out in the following ways and means:

consistent loads and capacity absorbers that reduce tensions

and density of the energy flow of electromagnetic waves;

shielding of the workplace and the radiation source;

rational accommodation of equipment in the work room;

selection of rational modes of equipment and labor mode

personnel;

application of means of preventative protection.

The most efficient use of agreed loads and absorbers

power (antenna equivalents) in the manufacture, configuration and verification

separate blocks and equipment complexes.

An effective means of protection against electromagnetic emissions

is shielding of radiation sources and workplace with

screens that absorbing or reflecting electromagnetic energy. Selection of constants

the commands of the screens depends on the nature of the technological process, power

source, wave range.

emissions (leakage of chains in the transmission lines of microwave waves, from cathode conclusions

magnetonov and others), as well as in cases where electromagnetic

energy is not a hindrance for the operation of the generator installation or

radar station. In other cases, as a rule, apply

absorbing screens.

For the manufacture of reflective screens, materials are used with high

electrical conductivity, for example metals (in the form of solid walls) or

cotton fabrics with a metal base. Solid metal

screens are most effective and already with a thickness of 0.01 mm provide

weakening the electromagnetic field of about 50 dB (100,000 times).

For the manufacture of absorbing screens, materials are applied with bad

electrical conductivity. Absorbing screens are made in the form of pressed

rubber sheets special composition with conical solid or hollow

spikes, as well as in the form of plates of porous rubber filled with carbonyl

iron, with a pinned metal mesh. These materials are glued

on the frame or on the surface of the emitting equipment.

Important preventive protection against electromagnetic

exposure is the fulfillment of requirements for the placement of equipment and for

creating premises in which electromagnetic sources are

radiation.

Protection of personnel from translating can be achieved due to

placement of GF, UHF generators and microwaves, as well as radio transmitters in

specially designed premises.

Screens of radiation and jobs are blocked with disconnecting

devices, which makes it possible to eliminate the operation of the emitting equipment at

open screen.

Permissible levels of impact on workers and requirements for

controls on workplaces for industrial frequency electric fields

set out in GOST 12.1.002-84, and for electromagnetic fields of radio frequencies - in

GOST 12.1.006-84.

In enterprises are widely used and obtained in large quantities

substances and materials possessing dielectric properties that

promotes the emergence of static electricity charges.

Static electricity is formed as a result of friction

(contact or separation) two dielectrics on each other or

dielectrics about metals. At the same time on rubbing substances can accumulate

electrical charges that easily flow into the ground if the body is

electricity conductor and it is grounded. On electric dielectrics

charges hold for a long time, as a result, they got

the name of static electricity.

The process of occurrence and accumulation electrical charges In substances

called by electrification.

The phenomenon of static electrification is observed in the following main

in the stream and when spraying liquids;

in a gas jet or steam;

when contacting and subsequent removal of two solid heterogeneous bodies

(Contact electrification).

The discharge of static electricity occurs when tensions

electrostatic field above the surface of the dielectric or conductor,

conducted accumulation on them charges, reaches a critical (penetrating)

values. For air, the punch voltage is 30 kb / cm.

In people working in the exposure area of \u200b\u200bthe electrostatic field,

there are a variety of complaints: for irritability, headache,

sleep disorder, decreased appetite, etc.

Permissible levels of electrostatic fields are installed

GOST 12.1.045-84 "Electrostatic fields. Permissible levels on workers

places and control requirements "and sanitary-hygienic

the norms of the permissible tension of the electrostatic field (No. 1757-77).

These regulatory legal acts apply to electrostatic

fields created during the operation of high voltage electrical installations

direct current and electrification of dielectric materials, and install

permissible levels of intensity of electrostatic fields in the workplace

personnel, as well as general requirements for control and means

Permissible levels of electrostatic fields

installed depending on the time of stay at workplaces.

Maximum permissible level of tension of electrostatic fields

it is set equal to 60 kV / m for 1 h.

With the tension of electrostatic fields less than 20 kV / m

staying in electrostatic fields is not regulated.

In the voltage range from 20 to 60 kV / m, the allowable time of stay

personnel in the electrostatic field without means of protection depends on

specific level of intensity in the workplace.

Static electricity protection measures are aimed at warning

the emergence and accumulation of static electricity charges, creating

the conditions of dispersion of charges and eliminate the risk of their harmful effects.

The basic protection measures include:

preventing accumulation of charges on electrically conductive parts

equipment that is achieved by grounding equipment and communications, on

which charges may appear (devices, tanks, pipelines,

conveyors, cream devices, overpass, etc.); Reducing

electrical resistance of the processed substances; Reduced

intensity of static electricity charges. Achieved

the corresponding selection of the rate of movement of substances, the exception

splashing, crushing and spraying of substances, electrostatic removal

charge, selection of friction surfaces, cleaning combustible gases and liquids from

impurities;

the discharge of static electricity charges accumulated in humans.

Eliminates the danger of electrical discharges that can cause

ignition and explosion of explosion and fire hazardous mixtures, as well as harmful

the impact of static electricity per person. The main measures of protection

are: a device of electrically conductive floors or grounded zones, platforms

and workplaces, grounding door handles, handrails stairs, handles

devices, machines and devices; provision of working conductive shoes,

antistatic bathrobes.

Harmful chemicals

Under harm is understood as a substance that, when contacting the organism

man causes production injuries, occupational diseases or

deviations in health. Classification of harmful substances and general

safety requirements are introduced GOST 12.1.007-76.

The degree and nature of the violations of normal operation caused by substance

the body depends on the path of entering the body, dose, exposure time,

concentration of substance, its solubility, the state of perceive tissue and

organism in general, atmospheric pressure, temperature and other

environmental characteristics.

The consequence of the action of harmful substances to the body can be

anatomical damage, constant or temporary disorders and

combined consequences. Many strongly active harmful substances

cause a disorder of normal physiological activities in the body

without noticeable anatomical damage, the impacts of nervous and

cardiovascular systems, for general metabolism, etc.

Harmful substances come across the body through the respiratory organs, gastrointestinal

intestinal tract and through skin. Most likely penetration in

the organism of substances in the form of gas, steam and dust through respiratory organs (about 95%

all poisoning).

Selection of harmful substances in the air environment possible when conducting

technological processes and production of work related to the application,

storage, transportation of chemically\u003e substances and materials, their extraction and

manufacture.

Dust is the most common unfavorable factor

production environment, numerous technological processes and operations

in industry, transport, in agriculture is accompanied by

the formation and separation of dust, its impact may be exposed to large

contingents working.

The basis for carrying out measures to combat harmful substances is

hygienic rationing.

Maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of harmful substances in the air

working area Installed GOST 12.1.005-88.

4.3 Organization of jobs ?????

4.4 Safety Safety Requirements

The proposed safety instructions covers almost all types of activity in the car service and include:
IOT for administrative and management personnel;

IOT for the battery;

IOT for gas welder;

IOT for car repair;

IOT for locksmaking fuel equipment;

IOT for a mechanic repairman;

IOT for electric welding of manual welding;

IOT to render preferences;

IOT when posting the car and work under it;

IOT when performing super repair work;

Form of login logging log;

Form of the magazine accounting of instructions for labor protection.

The instructions are compiled and decorated in all the rules and requirements on the part of the control bodies on the basis of the relevant regulatory documentation. Based on the same documentation, samples of log forms are made to register an introductory briefing and accounting for labor protection instructions, in which covers and caps of tables are presented in form and in sequence, according to the current legislation.
Consider security requirements before starting work.
At the arrival of auto mechanics to work, they must change into working workwear, consisting of: shoes, work overalls, shirts, caps, jackets. With you, there are also means of individual protection: gloves, safety glasses. Completion of overalls may vary depending on the types of work. Clothes should be fastened to all buttons and seasoned, pants must be on top of shoes, sleeveless wallets are fastened, the hair is cleaned under a tight-fitting headdress.

Before working, the worker checks that the tools and fixtures are working, not worn and responded to safe working conditions:

Wooden handles of tools should be smoothly processed, on their surface it is unlompered to be chosen, chips and other defects, the tool must be correctly naked and firmly fixed.

Impact tools (chisels, beards) should not have cracks, sowing, strokes, the occipital part should be smooth, not to have cracks, sowers and chips.

The ends of manual tools serving for the factory in the opening during installation (lomica for assembly, etc.) should not be shot down.

The pullers must have good foot, screws, thrust and stops.

Safety requirements while working

While working, the worker constantly monitor the serviceability of the equipment and do not leave it unattended. When careing from the workplace, the equipment stops and de-energized.

The work is performed in the presence and health of fences, blocking and other devices that ensure the safety of labor, and with sufficient illumination of the workplace.

It is impossible to touch the mechanisms and rotating parts of the machines that are in motion, as well as under the voltage of the current-carrying parts of the equipment, pre-notewing in a dangerous object.

Foreign objects and tools are located at a distance from moving mechanisms.

When starting a machine, an aggregate, the worker's machine must personally make sure there are no workers in the operation zone of the machine.

In case of poor well-being, the worker stops working, leads workplace In a safe state, refers to the main mechanics, which solves the severity of the consequences and decides to let go home, continue to work some time after taking medication, or take to the hospital. If the main mechanic is not on the spot, then the person replacing it is assigned to the safety of safety in emergency situations. When notified by the faults of production equipment and tools, as well as, if with a touch of the machine, the machine, the unit is felt by electric current, or there is strong electrical appliances , electric motors, electrical equipment, the appearance of sparking or opening of wires, etc. The workers are immediately warned, and is informed of the main mechanic.
If necessary, the evacuation of people from the danger zone is organized.
In cases of accidents with people, each of the workers can provide prefigure, because All the necessary is in the first-aid kit, at the same time immediately putting the main mechanic, and maintains an environment at which an accident occurred, if it does not threaten the life and health of others and does not violate the technical process before the arrival of persons, investigating the causes of an accident.
With electric shock damage, it is possible to release the victim of the current affected by the current as soon as possible, since the duration of its action is determined by the severity of injury. To do this, in the auto repair shop is a chop to quickly de-energize the room.

Security requirement at the end of work.

At the end of the shift, the workplace is put in order (cleaned from dust and dirt equipment, the tool, is going and put in the designated place of garbage and waste, is collected and folded into installed place Tool, fixture and untreated parts).

Fencing and safety signs are installed at open opening, holes and hatches.
Equipment is de-energized, ventilation and local lighting off.

The worker shoots overalls and other means of individual protection, removes them into the closet case, if overalls require washing or repairing, it is necessary to say the main mechanic, it will give another, and dirty clothes will go to dry cleaning. Personal hygiene rules.
Fire safety

Each employee at the first and subsequent briefers is explained by the location of the fire shield than and how it is necessary to extinguish this or that focus of fire so that it is safe for the worker himself.

Workers are prohibited to clutter the passages and access to fire equipment it is a strict violation of fire safety rules.

Shedding fuel and lubricants fall asleep sand. The sand impregnated with petroleum products should be immediately removed and taken into place, coordinated with SanEpids.

The used wiping material is removed into a special metal stall with a lid.

It is forbidden to store in the workplace of flammable items and combustible liquids, acids and alkali in quantities that exceed the replaceable need for a ready-to-use form.

In the auto repair system, smoking element smokers are used as fire alarm, which are notified of fire with sirens.

A worker who made violations of labor protection instructions may be attracted to disciplinary responsibility according to the internal regulations, and if these violations are associated with the causing material damage to the auto repair shop, the worker carries and material liability in the prescribed manner

Collecting and assembly workPerformed in the TR area includes replacing faulty units, mechanisms and assemblies by car for good, replacement of faulty parts into new or repaired, as well as dissemination and assembly, related to the repair of individual parts.

From the dissemination and assembly works on the three most characteristic are works on replacing: engines, rear and front axles, gearboxes, radiators, clips, suspension parts, springs that wear out parts in aggregates and nodes.

To perform these works, various stands, fixtures, tool kits and special tools are used: wrench, dynamometric keys etc.

The organization of production in the zones of TR ATP is possible on the basis of two methods: universal and specialized posts.

Method of universal postsit provides for the execution of work in one post by the brigade of repair workers of various specialties or highly qualified workers.

The universal post truss is usually an inspection ditch equipped with equipment that ensures that any work trial by car.

Method of specialized postsit provides for the execution of works on several specialized to perform a certain type of work (by engine, transmission, etc.) posts.

Each specialized post is equipped with equipment in accordance with the nature of the work performed on it. Specialization of posts TR allows the most mechanization of the complexity of work, reduce the needs in the same type of equipment, improve working conditions, use less skilled workers, improve the quality of work and labor productivity by 20-40%.

An example of a layout solution of the arrangement of equipment on the deadlock and organization of post-cases can be given in Fig. 3.2 Exemplary layout of a universal post in the area of \u200b\u200bcar repair.

Work posts for replacement and truss enginesAs a rule, organize on isolated standard inspection of dead-end channels. Specialized work posts for TR engines can be of two types: for removing and installing engines and for trot engines on cars. They differ in the equipment and the number of simultaneously working performers.

Work post for tr engs is advisable to post near the engine (aggregate) site, next to the recruitment area, check and run the engines. The post is advisable to equip diagnostic equipment to ensure control and adjustment after the work of Tr. The nodes and parts of the engine, removed at the current repairs (block head, water pump, valves, springs, etc.) are purified and repaired in a motor (aggregate) site.

Fig. 3.2. Approximate technological planning of a universal post in the area of \u200b\u200bthe current repair machine:

1 - suspended crane; 2 - rack for devices; 3 - wheel-bump; 4 - wrench for nuts Step Sprinkle; 5 - Stand for equipment and aggregates; 6 - trolley for removing and installing wheels; 7 - device for removal exhaust gases; 8 - air dispensing column; 9 - Wheel nut for wheels; 10 - truck for aggregates; 11 - rack-turntable for normal; 12 - cabinet for instruments and tools; 13 - Trolley to replace bridges; 14 - oil color; 15 - oil drain tank; 16 - narratives of plumbing; 17 - transitional bridge; 18 , 26 - Lari for woolproof materials; 19 - Waste loving; 20 - workbench bedroom; 21 - bath for washing parts; 22 - restrictive stops; 23 - extracital lift; 24 - a hinge funnel for draining oils; 25 - Box for fasteners and tools; 27 - channel lift with wrench

Work posts specializing in the repair of other aggregates and systems are organized similarly to universal posts, but with specialization of equipment.

The specificity of the TP gas equipment requires the creation of specialized posts and organizing work on them special repair workers.

Among the specialized posts are created and equipped posts for the production of a number of diagnostic and adjustment work. The need for their organization is caused by the application when performing the works of tr special diagnostic equipment. To such posts, organized on the basis of economic considerations and improving the quality of work, belong:

- posts of diagnostics and adjustment of car brakes equipped with roller brake stands;

- Diagnostic posts and control angles of car installation angles equipped with optical stands.

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TR trucks. That trucks: frequency, work composition and general recommendations. General Plan of the automotive enterprise

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